Black Women Excluded from Critical Studies Due to ‘Weathering’

N.Smith • December 17, 2022

Weathered by a lifetime of racial discrimination, Black women age earlier and faster. Researchers theorize this accelerated health deterioration is caused by cumulative exposure to race-based stressors in a race-conscious society.


High-stress hormones can be toxic for Black women’s bodies, especially if the women are repeatedly pushed into a fight-or-flight state by prejudice, marginalization, institutional bias, and oppression. The ‘weathering’ hypothesis dates back to 1992 when Arline T. Geronimus, ScD, proposed it after learning that young Black women had better pregnancy outcomes in their late teens than in their mid-twenties. By contrast, she found White women faced the lowest risk of pregnancy complications in their mid-twenties and the highest risk in their teens.


“There was certainly a whole narrative that teen motherhood somehow caused perpetual poverty, lack of education, and poor birth outcomes,” Geronimus said in a 2018 interview with NPR. “[But] the data spoke for themselves — that the risks were higher in black young women the later they waited to have children, and that was not true for white [women].”


Due to this premature aging, Black women’s experiences have effectively been erased from many research narratives. In 1994, the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) began analyzing the health of middle-age and older women over time, through participation of women who were likely to undergo menopause. But, in line with the hypothesis that Black women age earlier due to weathering, many were excluded from SWAN after experiencing menopause earlier.


In November, Alexis Reeves, PhD, authored a new study that enrolled the approximately 9,000 women who had been excluded under the guidelines of the previous SWAN study. This ‘enrollment’ involved matching up the women’s profiles to similar participants who had been included, in order to compare their health outcomes. She sought to break down how selection bias and racial disparities in these cohort studies painted falsely high estimates for age of onset of chronic diseases by not taking women of color into account.


Across the board, inclusion of these women in the study lowered the average age of developing many critical diseases. Compared to the estimates originally concluded by the SWAN study, Reeves found that heart diseases begin 5 years earlier in Black and Hispanic women, while insulin resistance begins 11 years earlier. The results show that interventions for hypertension and metabolic diseases in Black and Hispanic women should target these groups much earlier than originally estimated based on SWAN’s data.


This is further troubling because studies usually determine the age range for recruitment of participants based on the average age of onset — women of color would have been more likely to develop the health outcome by the recruitment age, and therefore be excluded from study.


“I wasn’t expecting to see how much the selection [of study participants] changed these estimates,” Reeves told Science. “We’re overestimating the timing of onset of these diseases for everyone in SWAN, regardless of race. It basically amounts to only telling part of the story.”


Geronimus equated the idea of weathering to the tabletop game, Jenga. As more pieces are pulled from the tower, the structure can no longer stand and collapses.


Allostatic load — the physiological burden of constant adaptation to stressors — is one way of measuring weathering. Higher allostatic load scores are connected to older age, heightened mortality, brain health decline, and low socioeconomic status. Measuring this load involves tracking biomarkers such as levels of cortisol and of epinephrine, alongside the outcomes of this stress on blood-pressure reactivity and cholesterol levels.


In addition to high allostatic load, weathering has been tied to telomere shortening. Telomeres — the structure at the ends of a chromosome — help protect chromosomal stability, and shorten with age. Critically short telomeres prevent a cell from dividing, which triggers a cell to either die or enter an inactive state. Shorter telomeres are overall a risk factor for development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other diseases. While telomeres naturally shorten after each round of cell division, chronic stress has been tied to higher telomere shortening rates. Weathering may also be measured in epigenetics, which refers to stable changes in the DNA sequence caused by environmental and behavioral factors. This DNA methylation can either prevent or promote the expression of particular genes in one’s DNA, countering the popular notion that health disparities between populations are related to inherent DNA differences. The reality is that epigenetics can rewrite this ‘destiny’ in response to influences such as chronic stress.


Geronimus found that by age 45, half of Black women had high allostatic load scores, while by age 64, more than 80% did. Socioeconomic status could not explain the racial disparities — poor and nonpoor Black women faced the highest probabilities of having high allostatic load scores.


If the goal of clinical research studies is to gather data on women’s health and inform the implementation of interventions against disease, we must address the exclusion of women of color. Knowing the reality of weathering, recruitment ages for studies like SWAN need to adjust. Racially-based stressors result in real disparities in morbidity and mortality rates, illustrating women are not one homogenous population.


Credit Amanda Steffen "Black Women Excluded from Critical Studies Due to ‘Weathering", https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/black-women-excluded-from-critical-studies-due-to-weathering/

By N.Smith September 9, 2026
Everyone feels tired from time to time. A late night, stressful week, or missed meal can leave you running low on energy. Coffee, energy drinks, and sugary snacks may provide a temporary boost, but they don’t address the habits that support lasting energy. The best natural energy boosters aren’t found in a bottle or coffee cup—they’re built into your daily routine. 1. Get Enough Quality Sleep Sleep is essential for restoring your body and mind. Aim for a consistent sleep schedule and give yourself enough time to rest well. 2. Exercise Regularly Movement can help increase energy and reduce fatigue. Even a brisk walk, stretching, or a short workout can help you feel more alert. 3. Manage Stress Constant stress can drain your energy. Take time to recharge with deep breathing, meditation, time outdoors, or activities you enjoy. 4. Eat Enough to Fuel Your Body Skipping meals can leave you feeling sluggish. Choose balanced meals that pair protein with fruits and vegetables to give your body steady fuel. 5. Drink Enough Water Dehydration can contribute to tiredness. Keep water nearby and drink regularly throughout the day, especially when you’re active or spending time in hot weather. Small, consistent habits can go a long way toward helping you feel more energized—without relying on caffeine. Credit Mary Anne Dunkin Natural ways to boost energy without caffeine https://mcpress.mayoclinic.org/living-well/natural-ways-to-boost-energy-without-caffeine/
By N. Smith September 2, 2026
In a world of constant distractions—phones buzzing, emails piling up, and social feeds endlessly updating—staying focused has become a real challenge. However, focus is the foundation of productivity, creativity, and success. Building strong daily habits can help you enter a state of flow more often. Flow is a mental state where you’re fully immersed in a task, energized, and focused, with your mind working at its peak and your output feeling effortless. Here are eight powerful habits you can start practicing today to sharpen your focus: 1. Set Aside Your Smartphone (Temporarily) Your phone is one of the biggest culprits stealing your attention. Instead of keeping it within arm’s reach, set it aside while you work on important tasks. Even putting it in another room for an hour can free your mind from the itch to check it constantly. This slight shift creates space for deeper focus. 2. Tweak Notification Settings and Apps Not all notifications are urgent. By turning off unnecessary alerts and disabling push notifications for nonessential apps, you’ll prevent constant interruptions. Reclaiming control over your devices allows you to direct your attention toward what truly matters. 3. Give the Chunking Technique a Try Big tasks can feel overwhelming and paralyze your progress. Chunking helps break them down into smaller, more manageable steps. Whether it’s dividing your to-do list into morning and afternoon sections or tackling a project in timed sprints, chunking keeps your brain from feeling overloaded and helps you move forward consistently. 4. Habit Stack Habit stacking is a technique that links new, positive behaviors to routines you already do automatically. For example, after making your morning coffee, take two minutes to review your top priorities for the day. Over time, this pairing makes staying focused as natural as brushing your teeth. 5. Build a Short Mindfulness Routine Just a few minutes of mindfulness—whether through meditation, deep breathing, or even simply pausing to notice your surroundings—can center your mind. Mindfulness reduces stress, clears mental clutter, and prepares your brain for concentrated work. 6. Move Your Body More Intentionally Exercise is not just about physical health—it’s also about mental clarity. Whether it’s a brisk walk, stretching, or a quick workout, intentional movement boosts blood flow to the brain and sharpens focus. Think of it as hitting the reset button for your mind. 7. Listen to Neutralizing Audio Managing your environment is just as critical as managing your screen time. Neutral background audio—such as white noise, instrumental music, or nature sounds—can drown out distractions and keep your brain engaged. It sets the stage for deep concentration. 8. Stick to a Consistent Sleep Schedule Sleep is the foundation of focus. When your body runs on consistent rest, your mind is sharper, your memory is stronger, and your ability to resist distractions improves. Going to bed and waking up at the same time each day trains your body to operate at peak performance. Each of these habits may seem small on its own, but together, they create powerful momentum. By training your brain to resist distractions, prioritize effectively, and recharge properly, you’ll spend more time in a state of flow. That’s where productivity feels effortless, creativity sparks naturally, and you end the day victorious. Focus is not about working harder—it’s about working smarter. Start with one or two of these habits today, and watch your ability to concentrate transform. Credit Lauren Thomann 8 Habits That Improve Your Focus, According to Brain Health Experts https://www.realsimple.com/habits-that-improve-focus-11797344
By N. Smith August 25, 2026
When it comes to exercise, you don't need to spend hours in the gym or completely change your lifestyle overnight. You need to start moving consistently. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity each week. That can be as simple as taking a 30-minute brisk walk five days a week. But 150 minutes isn't a one-size-fits-all rule. Your ideal exercise amount can depend on your age, fitness level, health, injuries, and physical limitations. If you're new to exercise, start with manageable, lower-impact activities and gradually build from there. How Much Exercise Do Different Groups Need? Children and teens (5–17): About 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity each day, including activities that strengthen muscles and bones. Adults (18–64): 150–300 minutes of moderate activity or 75–150 minutes of vigorous activity each week, plus muscle-strengthening activities at least two days a week. Adults 65+: Similar aerobic goals, with an added focus on strength and balance to help maintain muscle and reduce fall risk. Pregnant and postpartum people: Aim for about 150 minutes of moderate activity per week when appropriate, choose safe activities, and increase gradually. People with chronic conditions or disabilities: Regular movement can be beneficial, but the right amount and type should be discussed with a healthcare professional. Why Exercise Matters Regular physical activity is about much more than fitness. It can support heart and brain health, immune function, strength and stability, and better sleep. Most importantly, exercise can become the foundation for healthier habits. If you're not exercising right now, don't worry about reaching 150 minutes immediately. Start with a 10-minute walk. Then do it again tomorrow. Over time, those small efforts can turn into a routine—and that routine can become a lifestyle. You don't have to change everything today. Just start moving because when it comes to better health, consistency matters more than perfection. Credit Kirsten Nunez How Much Exercise Do You Really Need Each Week? Doctors Share the Sweet Spot https://www.realsimple.com/how-much-exercise-you-need-each-week-12035900
By N. Smith August 19, 2026
Healthy eating doesn't happen by accident. It starts with the choices you make each day and the habits you build over time. While there are plenty of things we can't control, we can control what we choose to put on our plate. The good news is that healthy eating doesn't have to mean following a complicated diet or making drastic changes. With a little planning and intention, you can create eating habits that support your health and become part of your everyday routine. Start With a Healthy Plate One of the easiest places to begin is with your plate. What you put on your plate is one of the simplest things you can control when it comes to your nutrition. Aim for balanced meals that include a variety of foods, such as vegetables and fruits, lean proteins, whole grains, and other nutrient-rich choices. Eating a variety of foods can help provide your body with the nutrients it needs while keeping your meals satisfying and enjoyable. You don't have to make every meal perfect. Instead, focus on making healthier choices more often. Plan for Healthy Eating When you're busy, it's easy to reach for whatever is quickest and most convenient. Planning can make healthy choices easier. Consider preparing some of your meals or ingredients before the week begins. You can wash and cut vegetables, prepare proteins, portion meals, or plan your menu for the week. Having nutritious options ready to go can help you avoid last-minute choices when you're hungry or short on time. The key is to make healthy eating intentional. When you plan your meals ahead of time, you commit to your health before the week gets busy. Small Choices Can Become Lasting Habits Healthy eating is a choice, and it is something everyone can work toward. You don't need to change everything at once. Start with one small change and build from there. Choose water instead of a sugary drink. Add an extra serving of vegetables to your meal. Prepare lunch instead of buying it. Plan your meals for the week ahead. These small decisions may seem simple, but when you make them consistently, they can become habits. Start today. Plan ahead. Be intentional about what you put on your plate. Most importantly, remember that every healthy choice is a step toward a healthier you. Credit Howard E. LeWine, MD Building a plan for healthy eating https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/building-a-plan-for-healthy-eating-FHIBMYSV
By N. Smith August 13, 2026
Your immune system is your body's defense against bacteria, viruses, and other germs. While you can't prevent every illness, healthy everyday habits can help support your immune system and overall health. Stay Up to Date on Vaccines Vaccines help your immune system recognize and fight certain infections. Talk with your healthcare provider about which vaccines are recommended for you. Eat Healthy to Stay Healthy Give your body the nutrients it needs by eating a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, beans, nuts, and other nutritious foods. Focus on your overall eating pattern rather than a single "immune-boosting" food. Take Supplements Only When Needed Supplements can help address certain nutritional deficiencies, but more isn't always better. Talk with your healthcare provider before starting a supplement. Exercise Regularly Regular physical activity supports your immune system and overall health. Walking, cycling, swimming, and other activities you enjoy can help you stay active and consistent. Prioritize Sleep Sleep gives your body time to rest and recover. Aim for a consistent sleep schedule and enough sleep to feel rested and refreshed. Find Healthy Ways to Manage Stress Ongoing stress can affect your overall well-being. Make time for activities that help you relax, such as walking, deep breathing, reading, spending time with loved ones, or enjoying a hobby. Focus on What You Can Control There's no magic food or supplement that can guarantee you won't get sick. Instead, focus on the habits you can control: eat well, stay active, get enough sleep, manage stress, and stay up to date on recommended vaccines. Small, consistent choices can go a long way toward supporting your immune system and your overall health. Credit Angela Williams How to Strengthen Your Immune System https://www.universityhealth.com/blog/how-to-strengthen-your-immune-system
By N. Smith August 4, 2026
When people think about protecting their brain health, they often focus on puzzles, memory games, or supplements promising sharper thinking. While these activities can play a role, the most powerful ways to support cognitive function are often the simplest habits practiced consistently every day. Cognitive function includes abilities such as memory, attention, learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and processing information. The good news is that small lifestyle choices can have a meaningful impact on how well your brain works today and as you age. Physical activity, quality sleep, balanced nutrition, and meaningful social engagement all contribute to a healthier brain. The key is making sustainable changes that fit naturally into your routine. 1. Doing Regular Physical Activity Exercise benefits far more than your muscles and heart—it also supports brain health. Regular physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, delivering oxygen and nutrients that help brain cells function effectively. It can also support memory, improve concentration, reduce stress, and lower the risk of cognitive decline over time. Aim to move your body most days of the week, and choose activities you genuinely enjoy. Consistency matters more than intensity. 2. Getting Enough Sleep Sleep is essential for cognitive function. While you sleep, your brain processes information, consolidates memories, and clears away waste products that accumulate throughout the day. Poor sleep can affect attention, mood, reaction time, and decision-making. Aim for seven to nine hours of sleep each night. Prioritizing quality rest is one of the most effective ways to support your brain. 3. Eating a Balanced Diet What you eat influences how your brain functions. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, healthy fats, and fiber provides nutrients that support cognitive health. Staying hydrated is equally important, as even mild dehydration can affect concentration and memory. Rather than focusing on restrictive diets, aim for balanced meals that nourish both your body and mind. 4. Volunteering Giving your time to others can benefit your brain as much as your community. Volunteering provides opportunities for social interaction, problem-solving, and learning new skills—all of which help keep your mind engaged. Whether you mentor students, help at a food pantry, participate in community events, or support a local organization, volunteering can create meaningful experiences that enrich your life. 5. Practicing Your Hobbies Hobbies do more than fill your free time—they challenge your brain in valuable ways. Activities such as reading, painting, gardening, playing music, cooking, writing, photography, or learning a new language stimulate different areas of the brain and encourage lifelong learning. Hobbies can also reduce stress, improve mood, and provide a sense of accomplishment. The best hobby for cognitive health is one that keeps you engaged and excited to continue learning. 6. Taking Care of Animals Caring for animals can provide emotional, physical, and cognitive benefits. Looking after an animal creates routines and responsibilities that help keep the mind active. Pets can also encourage physical activity, social interaction, and stress reduction. Walking a dog, playing with a cat, or simply spending time with an animal can improve mood and foster feelings of connection. Supporting cognitive health does not require dramatic lifestyle changes. Your brain benefits from the choices you make every day. By investing in habits that support both physical and mental well-being, you can help maintain cognitive function and improve your quality of life for years to come. Start with one small change today and build from there. Credit Brittany Dube, MPH The Everyday Habits That Quietly Improve Cognitive Function https://www.health.com/everyday-habits-that-improve-cognitive-function-11992241
By N. Smith July 29, 2026
When it comes to living a long, healthy life, the basics matter most: movement, nutrition, sleep, stress reduction, and social connection. These are not new ideas. Most people already know them. The real challenge is consistency. Longevity is built through the habits you return to day after day, year after year. Movement Regular movement helps keep the body strong, mobile, and independent. It does not have to mean intense workouts every day. Walking, stretching, strength training, and staying active in ways you enjoy all make a difference. Nutrition Nutrition is about giving your body the fuel it needs to function well. A healthy pattern of eating over time matters more than perfection. Focus on nourishing foods most of the time and building a way of eating you can maintain. Sleep Sleep is essential for recovery, focus, and overall health. Making rest a priority helps the body repair and the mind reset. A consistent sleep routine can support better energy and better long-term health. Stress Reduction Stress is part of life, but learning how to manage it matters. Whether it is through deep breathing, prayer, journaling, exercise, or quiet time, finding ways to reset can support both mental and physical well-being. Social Connection Strong relationships are also part of a healthy life. Spending time with family, friends, and community can provide support, purpose, and emotional balance. The truth is, longevity is not about extremes. It is about staying committed to the basics and doing them consistently over time. Small choices repeated daily can have a lasting impact. That is the real foundation of a long, healthy life. Credit Maureen Salamon The 5 pillars of longevity: Movement, nutrition, sleep, stress reduction, and social connection https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthy-aging-and-longevity/the-5-pillars-of-longevity-movement-nutrition-sleep-stress-reduction-and-social-connection
By N. Smith July 23, 2026
We often think of exercise as a way to build stronger muscles, improve endurance, or keep our hearts healthy. And while all of those benefits are true, new research suggests that regular physical activity may be doing something even more impressive—it may actually rewire the nerves that help control your heart. Researchers recently discovered that exercise doesn't just strengthen the heart muscle. It also changes the network of nerves responsible for regulating heart rate, rhythm, and overall cardiovascular function. These findings could one day help scientists develop more personalized treatments for common heart conditions like arrhythmias and angina. In the study, researchers used advanced imaging technology to examine how exercise affected the nerves connected to the heart. After 10 weeks of regular training, they found noticeable changes in the nerve cells that help regulate cardiovascular function. Some nerve clusters grew larger, while others increased in number, suggesting that exercise helps the nervous system adapt alongside the heart itself. Why is this important? Your heart and nervous system work together every second of the day. The nervous system tells your heart when to speed up during physical activity, slow down while you rest, and respond to stress. A healthier, more adaptable communication system may help your heart function more efficiently and maintain a steadier rhythm over time. Although this research was conducted in animals and more studies are needed to understand how these changes occur in people, the findings add to the growing list of reasons to stay active. Exercise isn't just helping your heart pump blood more effectively—it's also supporting the systems that control how your heart works. The good news is you don't need to be a marathon runner to experience the benefits of regular movement. Activities like brisk walking, cycling, swimming, dancing, or strength training can all contribute to better cardiovascular health. The key is finding something you enjoy and making it part of your routine. Every step, bike ride, or workout is an investment in your health. As scientists continue learning more about the connection between exercise and the nervous system, one thing is already clear: staying active does more than strengthen your heart—it helps your body become healthier from the inside out. Credit University of Bristol https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/07/260712011755.htm
By N. Smith July 15, 2026
When it comes to your health, you don't have to be perfect—you just have to be consistent. Many people believe that getting healthy requires a complete lifestyle overhaul. In reality, it's the small choices you make every day that have the greatest impact over time. A nutritious breakfast, a short walk after dinner, drinking more water, getting enough sleep, or choosing fruit instead of a sugary snack may seem insignificant on their own. But repeated day after day, these habits can add up to meaningful improvements in your physical and mental well-being. Think of healthy habits like compound interest. Just as small, regular investments can grow into substantial savings, small daily actions can strengthen your heart, improve your energy, support a healthy weight, and lower your risk of chronic diseases over the years. Consistency doesn't just benefit your body—it also has a powerful effect on your mental health. Regular exercise releases chemicals in the brain that help improve mood, reduce stress, and boost feelings of well-being. Prioritizing sleep can improve concentration, emotional resilience, and memory.  Eating a balanced diet provides the nutrients your brain needs to function at its best, while staying hydrated can help reduce fatigue and improve focus. Even simple daily routines can create a sense of stability during stressful times. Taking a few minutes each morning to stretch, practicing gratitude, spending time outdoors, or connecting with a friend can help reduce feelings of anxiety and support emotional well-being. It's also important to remember that progress isn't always linear. There will be days when you skip a workout, order takeout instead of cooking, or don't get enough sleep. That's part of being human. One off day won't determine your health—what matters is returning to your healthy habits instead of striving for perfection. If you're looking to build a healthier lifestyle, start with one or two simple habits: Move your body for at least 30 minutes most days. Fill half your plate with fruits and vegetables. Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Aim for 7–9 hours of quality sleep each night. Take a few minutes to manage stress through deep breathing, meditation, journaling, or quiet reflection. Make time to connect with family, friends, or your community. Healthy living isn't about making perfect choices every day—it's about making better choices more often. The small habits you repeat consistently shape not only your physical health but also your mental and emotional well-being. Over time, those everyday actions can help you feel stronger, think more clearly, manage stress more effectively, and enjoy a healthier, more fulfilling life. Credit Swati Sharma How I Keep Healthy: “Consistency Beats Perfection” https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/how-i-keep-healthy-consistency-beats-perfection-1966044
By N. Smith July 9, 2026
Summer is a great time to enjoy outdoor activities, family gatherings, and vacations, but as temperatures climb, so does the risk of dehydration and heat-related illness. Taking a few simple precautions can help you stay healthy and safe all season long. Why Hydration Matters Water helps regulate body temperature, supports your organs, carries nutrients throughout the body, and keeps you feeling your best. During hot weather, your body loses more fluids through sweat, making it important to replace them throughout the day. Even mild dehydration can cause fatigue, headaches, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating. In more serious cases, it can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Tips to Stay Hydrated Drink water regularly throughout the day instead of waiting until you feel thirsty. Eat water-rich foods like watermelon, cucumbers, oranges, strawberries, and tomatoes. Drink extra fluids after exercising or spending extended time outdoors. Limit sugary drinks and alcohol, which can contribute to dehydration. Carry a reusable water bottle to make staying hydrated easier. Stay Safe in the Heat Along with drinking plenty of water, you can protect yourself by: Wearing lightweight, breathable clothing. Applying sunscreen and wearing a hat when outdoors. Taking breaks in the shade or air conditioning. Planning outdoor activities during the cooler morning or evening hours. Never leave children, older adults, or pets in a parked vehicle.  Look Out for the Warning Signs Watch for symptoms of dehydration, including increased thirst, dry mouth, headaches, dizziness, muscle cramps, fatigue, and dark-colored urine. If someone becomes confused, faints, or has trouble cooling down, seek medical attention immediately. Summer is meant to be enjoyed. By staying hydrated, protecting yourself from the heat, and checking in on family members, friends, and neighbors who may be more vulnerable, you can help ensure everyone has a safe, healthy, and enjoyable season. Credit How to stay cool and safe in a heat wave, even without air conditioning https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/how-to-stay-cool-and-safe-in-a-heat-wave-even-without-air-conditioning